史蒂夫-乔布斯简介
史蒂夫-乔布斯(Steve Jobs)生于1955年。
1972年高中毕业后，在波兰的一所大学中只念了一学期的书。
1974年乔布斯在一家公司找到设计电脑游戏的工作。
1976年，时年21岁的乔布斯和26岁的沃兹尼艾克在乔布斯家的车库里成立了苹果电脑公司。他们开发的苹果II具有4K内存，用户使用他们的电视机作为显示器，这就是第一台在市场上进行销售的个人电脑。
乔布斯后来说：“我很幸运，当计算机还是个年轻产业的时候，我进入了这个领域。当时拥有计算机学位的人不多，从业人员都是从物理、音乐、动物学等领域半途出家的优秀人才。他们对此有浓厚兴趣，没有谁是为了钱进了计算机这个行业的。” 1980年11月，苹果股票上升至每股22美金，乔布斯和沃兹尼艾克一夜之间变为百万富翁。
1986年乔布斯买下了数字动画公司Pixar。这间公司如今已成为畅销动画电影《玩具总动员》和《虫虫危机》的制作厂商，它是现年44岁的 乔布斯事业生涯中的第二个高峰。
1996年，苹果公司重新雇佣乔布斯作为其兼职顾问。此时苹果经历了高层领导的不断更迭和经营不善之后，其营运情况每况愈下，财务收入开始萎缩。
1997年9月，乔布斯重返该公司任首席执行官，他对奄奄一息的苹果公司进行大刀阔斧的公司改组和一连串新产品降价促销的措施。终于在98第四个财政季度创造了一亿零九百万美元的利润，让“苹果”重新“红”了起来。目前苹果最热门的产品是最近上市的iMac。这个 All-In-One多媒体电脑机身湛蓝透明，据苹果公司统计，iMac订单已高达15万份。
乔布斯形容说：“当我重返苹果公司时，情况远比我想象的糟糕。苹果的职员被认为是一群失败者，他们几乎将放弃所有的努力。在头六个月里，我也经常想到认输。在我一生中，从来没有这么疲倦过，我晚上十点钟回到家里，径直上床一觉睡到第二天早晨六点，然后起床、冲澡、上班。妻子给了我很大的支持，再怎么赞扬她也不过份。”
乔布斯一上任就迅速砍掉了没有特色的业务。他告诉他的同僚，不必保证每个决定都是正确的，只要大多数的决定正确即可。因此不必害怕。有许多难以做出的决定，像砍掉无特色的业务，在今天看来十分明智，但当初做决定时却令人提心吊胆。
乔布斯有着火爆的管理风格，很多苹果职员多半不敢和他同乘电梯，唯恐电梯未坐完即被炒鱿鱼。但年届中年的他现在的性情已圆融了许多。他说：“我告诉你一个能够改变你看问题的方法的例子。 一旦你有了孩子，就会自然而然地意识到每个人都是父母所生，应该有人像爱自己的孩子那样爱他们，这听起来并不深奥，但是许多人忽略了这一点。所以现在对我而言，解雇苹果公司的员工要比以前痛苦得多，但我没有办法，这是我的工作。我设身处地地想象他们回到家中告诉妻子儿女自己被雇的情景，我从来没有像现在这样感情用事过。”家庭美满或许是乔布斯事业成功的另一个原因。
乔布斯过去花许多时间寻找能够产生新产品的技术，但是现在由于工作的原因，不可能作深入的研究。他说有时在临睡前，会冒出一些平时想不到的点子。他在因特网的六个新闻站点上登记注册，每天能收到大约300份电子邮件，一些素不相识的人在里面大谈他们的新构想。
经历了多年的工作以后，乔布斯说：“太多的事情令人感到遗憾，但最大的遗憾莫过于那些你没去做的事。如果我早点明白现在才明白的道理，我可以把事情做得更好些，但这又怎么样呢？关键是要把握好现在。生命是短暂的，不久以后我们都将走到尽头，这就是现实。”
现在苹果公司的经营目标是成为计算机行业的“索尼”。苹果公司是唯一既搞硬件又搞软件，生产全套产品的个人电脑公司。这就意味着苹果公司能够推出更容易使用的系统，这是公司争取消费者的可靠资本。乔布斯表示技术不是最困难的，困难的是如何确定产品和目标消费者。除了电子、技术和生产能力外，你还必须有很强的市场营销能力。专家认为，虽然苹果的盈余与过去相比大有改善，但面对类似微软和康柏等强劲的竞争对手苹果仍需步步为营才不致再遭失败。
始终倾听消费者的需求、以极大的热忱贯彻“在一般人与高深的计算机之间搭起桥梁”的初衷，正是乔布斯最厉害的武器。不论是在苹果以艺术创造科技，或是在Pixar以科技创造艺术，乔布斯都孜孜不倦地设法使他的梦想变成现实：用计算机作工具，协助填补科技与艺术之间的鸿沟。
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky Ð I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me Ð I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything Ð all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
求知若渴；谦卑若愚
